非洲堇

非洲堇（学名：Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.）是苦苣苔科，非洲堇属多年生常绿草本植物，植株较矮，有毛，叶似汤匙，叶基部簇生，肉质，叶片多种形态，多数花朵集生于中央。花型及花色丰富，一年四季开花。

也称作非洲紫萝兰(African Violet)，是苦苣苔科下的一属，原产东非，广泛用于裁培园艺。（上述分类方法为APG III系统）

非洲紫萝兰为双子叶植物，即种子有两片子叶；花瓣数目为四、五或其倍数。此属特点是叶被剪下后，能在水中长出根，以至整株新植物。花颜色有紫、红、白、绿等。

以下转自维基百科，

Taxonomy[edit]

The section was initially regarded as a separate genus. Baron Walter von Saint Paul-Illaire(1860–1940) was the district commissioner of Tanga province when he discovered the plant in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) in Africa in 1892 and sent seeds back to his father, an amateur botanist in Germany. The genus was named for Saint Paul-Illaire and his father.^[3]Two British plant enthusiasts, Sir John Kirk and the Reverend W.E. Taylor, had earlier collected and submitted specimens to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1884 and 1887 respectively, but the quality of specimens was insufficient to permit scientific description at that time. The genus Saintpaulia, and original species S. ionantha, were scientifically described by H. Wendland in 1893.^[4]

Revisions of the genus by B.L. Burtt expanded the genus to approximately 20 species. Following studies which showed most of the species to be very poorly differentiated, both genetically and morphologically, the number of species was reduced to six in a 2006 treatment, with the majority of former species reduced to subspecies under S. ionantha.^[5] In 2009, 9 species, 8 subspecies, and 2 varieties were recognized.^[6]

A molecular phylogenetic study in 2015 confirmed previous studies showing that species placed in Saintpaulia were deeply embedded within the genus Streptocarpus,^[7] supporting the transfer of all Saintpaulia species to Streptocarpus in 2012.^[8]Former Saintpaulia species did form a monophyletic group, and were placed in section Saintpaulia of Streptocarpus subgenus Streptocarpella.^[7]

该部分最初被视为一个单独的属。瓦尔·瓦尔·冯·圣保罗·伊莱尔男爵（Baron Walter von Saint Paul-Illaire）（1860–1940年）是Tanga的地区专员，他于1892年在非洲Tanganyika（今坦桑尼亚）发现了这种植物并将种子发还给了他的父亲，他的父亲是德国的一名业余植物学家。该属以圣保罗·伊莱尔及其父亲的名字命名。[3]两位英国植物爱好者约翰·柯克爵士和牧师韦·泰勒分别于1884年和1887年分别收集并提交了标本到英国皇家植物园，但标本的质量不足以进行科学描述。时间1884-1887。H. Wendland在1893年科学地描述了非洲堇和原始物种S. ionantha。[4]

BL Burtt对该属进行了修订，将其扩展到大约20种。经过研究表明，大多数物种在遗传和形态上都非常差劲地分化，在2006年的处理中，物种的数量减少到了6个，在S. ionantha的保护下，大多数以前的物种减少到了亚种。[5] 2009年，确认9 种，8个亚种和2个变种。[6]

2015年的一项分子系统发育研究证实了先前的研究，表明放置在非洲堇中的物种深深地埋藏在链球藻属中[7]，支持了2012年所有非洲堇属物种向链球菌的转移。[8]前非洲属物种确实构成了一个单系群，并放置在链斯特链属（Streptocarpus substuscarpella）亚属的非洲堇切片中。[7]

Species[edit]

种类

All the species previously placed in the genus Saintpaulia are now placed in Streptocarpus in section Saintpaulia. Ten species are recognized, as of March 2020.^[7][9]

所有预先放在属物种非洲堇现在摆在莴苣苔在部分非洲紫罗兰。截至2020年3月，已确认10种。

Formerly recognized Saintpaulia species and infraspecies are listed below with their accepted name in Streptocarpus.^[9]

下面列出了以前认可的非洲堇属和物种，在链霉菌中的名称也是如此。

Distribution[edit]

Saintpaulias are native to eastern tropical Africa. There is a concentration of species in the Nguru mountains of Tanzania.

原产于热带非洲东部。在恩古鲁山脉的坦桑尼亚。

Cultivation[edit]

Saintpaulias are widely cultivated as house plants. Until recently, only a few of these species have been used in breeding programs for the hybrids available in the market; most available as house plants are cultivars derived from Streptocarpus ionanthus (syn. S. kewensis). A wider range of species is now being looked at as sources of genes to introduce into modern cultivars.

是广泛栽培的室内植物。直到最近，这些物种中只有少数被用于市场上可用的杂交种的育种计划中；大多数可用作室内植物的品种都来自于Streptocarpus ionanthus (syn. S. kewensis) 。现在，越来越多的物种被视为基因源，以引入现代品种。

The African Violet Society of America is the International Cultivar Registration Authorityfor the section and its cultivars.

略

Sizes[edit]

Plants can be classified as one of several sizes based on its above-ground diameter. Although the size per category is not set in stone, these are a general guideline.^[10][11]

植物可以根据其地上直径分为几种大小。虽然每个类别的大小不是一成不变的，但这是一个一般准则

• Micro: less than 3 inches
• Super-mini: 3 to 4 inches
• Mini: between 4 and 6 inches
• Semi-mini: between 6 and 8-10 inches
• Standard: between 8-10 to 12-16 inches
• Large/Giant: over 12-16 inches
• 微型：小于3英寸 （7.62厘米）
• 超迷你：3到4英寸 （7.62-10.16厘米）
• 迷你：4到6英寸之间（10.16-15.24厘米）
• 半迷你：6到8-10英寸之间（15.24-25.4厘米）
• 标准：8-10至12-16英寸之间（25.4-40.64厘米）
• 大/巨：超过12-16英寸（40.64厘米）

Temperature[edit]

温度

Saintpaulias are highly sensitive to temperature changes, especially rapid leaf cooling. Spilling cold water on African violet leaves causes discoloration. This is thought to be because rapid leaf cooling causes cell vacuole collapse in the palisade mesophyll cells.^[12]

对温度变化非常敏感，尤其是快速的叶片冷却。把冷水泼在非洲紫罗兰叶上会引起变色。这被认为是因为快速的叶片冷却导致栅栏叶肉细胞的液泡崩溃

Propagation[edit]

繁殖

African violets are commonly propagated asexually. Plants can be divided into smaller daughter plants or even grown from leaf cuttings.^[13] Growing African violets from seed is rare and most commercially available plants are produced from cuttings and tissue culture.^[14]

非洲紫罗兰通常无性繁殖。植物可以分为更小的子植物，甚至可以从插条中生长出来。[13]从种子中生长非洲紫罗兰是很少见的，大多数商业上可买到的植物都是从插条和组织培养中生长出来的。

Flowering[edit]

The African violet is a day-neutral plant regarding flower development.^[15][16]

In culture[edit]

African violets have long been associated with mothers and motherhood. For this reason they have been a traditional gift to mothers in many cultures around the world. African violets are also associated with Easter and Valentine’s Day.^[14]

长期以来，非洲紫罗兰与母亲和母性有关。因此，在世界各地的许多文化中，它们一直是送给母亲的传统礼物。非洲紫罗兰也与复活节和情人节有关